Hi Students,
So far this semester, we have learned about ATP and how it is created during both Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis. In both plants and animals, it is created by a similiar process. What is the name of that process? What is the mechanism of its creation? In other words, how is it made in both plant and animal cells? What are the organelles involved? What are the membranes within those organelles? Why are are they important? (Honors students, not that you must list them all here, but you should know the names of the proteins involved and their location.) The following question is for all students; Once ATP is made, how it is used in both plant and animal cells?
By answering as much as you can, you will help yourself prepare for the Photosynthesis exam as well as your classmates. So, tackle these questions together! Have fun!
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I was absent for the entire cellular respiration unit, however I will try to answer that portion of the question to the best of my ability with what I can find in my textbook.
In Cellular respiration, ATP is made in three events. The first is glycolysis, the process of breaking down a glucose molecule in half and producing two molecules of pyruvic acid. It takes place directly outside of the of the mitochondrion. In order to begin this this process, 2 molecules of ATP are used up. By the time glycolysis is completed, the cell has gained 4 molecules of ATP and gained a net of 2 molecules of ATP. The opposite of this is called Fermentation and it only takes place when oxygen is NOT present.
The second process is in the Krebs cycle. This takes place directly inside the mitochondrion. In this process, pyruvic acid from glycolys is used to make carbon dioxide, NADH, ATP and FADH(2). In this process Pyruvic acid is broken down into citric acid and eventually carbon dioxide. In each turn of this cycle, molecule equivalent to ATP is produced. In addition to this NADH, a high-energy electron carrier can be used in the presence of oxygen to create large amounts of ATP.
The next process in which ATP is made occurs in both plants and animals, but with different proteins. It is called the electron transport chain. In this process high energy from the Krebs cycle is used to covert ADP into ATP. This takes place in the mitochondrion membrane. An enzyme called ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through it and this causes it to spin. When it spins, ADP is converted to ATP when ATP synthase attaches a phosphate group to ADP.
In plants, ATP is made in similar ways. Two reactions that are light dependent and independent make up the process of photosynthesis. They all take place inside an organelle called the chloroplast that is like the mitochondrion in animals. Within the chloroplasts are saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoid. Two reactions that are light dependent and independent make up the process of photosynthesis in plants.
Light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane. The process is very similar to the electron transport chain in mitochondria. These light dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADH+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. ATP is produced by ATP synthase which turns as H+ ions pass through it. ATP synthase attaches a phosphate group onto ADP converting it to ATP. The ATP and NADPH are used in the light independent reactions.
After it is produced, ATP is used as a basic energy source for cells. It is also used in active transport, specifically the sodium-potassium pump.
Crossroads234,
Excellent work, especially since you missed cellular respiration. There are some things I want to clarify for you on that portion of you answer, but with our exam approaching, it is more important that you understand photosynthesis completely...which you seem to have a handle on. But, how is ATP further used in photosynthesis? And another question to ponder is what is the end product of photosynthesis? This is where I was headed with questions...but good job!
Photosynthesis occurs only in plants and certain forms of bacteria, but cellular respiration can occur in both animals and plants. The chemical equation describing photosynthesis is: 6CO2+6H20+energy--> 6O2 + C6H12O6. In further words, photosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide, water, and energy, and release oxygen and glucose. Carbon dioxide has the exact opposite chemical equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy. In general, photosynthesis is used for plants to create food and oxygen (plants are autotrophs) and cellular respiration uses this food and release energy.
The name of the process is called Light Independent Reactions. The mechanism of its creation is to make a precursor to one glucose molecule. The organelles that are involved are Rubisco, 6 glyceraldehyde, 3 phosphate, and NADPH. The membrane within those organelles is Cytochrome complex. They are important because they give us energy. ATP is used as an essential energy source for cells. It is also used in active transport, specifically the sodium-potassium pump.
Pow4life,
Thank you for responding! I can tell that you have been working so very good! I wanted to clarify some things for you before the exam tomorrow. Rubisco, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and NADPH are compounds that are found in the Calvin Cycle. Be sure to look at that diagram and listen to the podcast so you can be sure that you have a good understanding. Remember that the definition of an organelle are small "organs" with in cells. Which is the organelle of photosynthesis? Be sure you know that. Lastly cytochrome complex is one of the proteins of the electron transport chain, not a membrane. Make sure you know which membranes are involved and all of the proteins involved. I don't want to give away the answer tonight. If no one answers on the blog tonight, be sure to ask me tomorrow before the exam. God bless you for working on this! See you tomorrow!
All living things, plants and animals, created energy but in different ways. In plants, the process of photosynthesis uses light energy to create ATP. In aminal cells, cellular respiration takes place through glycolysis, the krebs cycle, and fermentation. Only one process in both these systmes creates ATP; that is the electron transport chain. In animal cells, the electron transport chain is found in the mitochondrion's inner membrane, this corresponds to the thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast.
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)is involved in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The ETC occurs between Photosystem 2 and Photosystem 1. It consists of 3 main integral proteins: plastoquinine, cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. While the high energy electrons travel through the chain, H+ ions are pumped into the inner thylakoid space to allow for ATP to be made by ATP Synthase.
There is also a small ETC located after Photosystem 1 before the electrons reach NADP+ reductase. This consists of a protein called feredoxin. I think that this small chain is used to produce NADPH for use in the Calvin Cycle.
Once the ATP is made it is sent to the Calvin Cylce where it releases its extra phosphate group. This allows certain molecules to react and produce Glucose.
Pow4life brought up the point that cellular respiration's equation is the exact opposite of photosynthesis's. Is that because animals need oxygen, but realase carbon dioxide instead of oxygen like plants do?
Why do chlorphyll a and b only absorb light in the blue and red portions of the visible light spectrum? Are those forms of light stronger or more maybe more common?
To answer your further questions addressed towards me Mrs. Utley,
ATP is further used in the Calvin Cycle of the light independent reactions. Within the Calvin Cycle a total of 9 ATP molecules are used on two separate occasions. The first is in Phase 1(Carbon Fixation), in which 6 ATP molecules are used to convert 6 3-phosphoglycerate into 6 1,3-bisphoglycerate.
The remaining 3 ATP molecules are used in Phase 3(Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor). 5 G3P(Glyceraldahyde-3-phosphate) left over from phase 2 are converted by the 3 ATP molecules into 3 RuBP(Ribulose biophosphate).
Well, the name of the process is ATP synthase. That is used in both plant and animal cells.
In animal cells, it is in the mitochondrian, but in the plant cell, it is made in both the mitochondrian and chloroplasts.
In the mitochondrian, the inner membrane is called the inner membrane, and in the chloroplast it is the thylakoid membrane.
ATP is used as a short term energy.
In response to crossroads234,
great work!! I can tell you put a lot of effort into answering it. Especially great for being absent!!
2infinity&beyond,
great work!! you seem to know alot about the subject.
good job =]
The process which makes the ATP is a ATP synthase. It is used in both plants and animal cells. When it’s in the animal cells, it made in the mitochondrion. Then, in the plants cells, it’s made in chloroplasts and mitochondrion. The mitochondrion has a inner membrane and the chloroplast has the thylakoid membrane. Lastly, the ATP is used as a short term of energy because it’s unstable, therefore, it breaks down easily than others.
To crossroads234
You further explained well about how the ATP being used in the Calvin Cycle. I liked the way you explained all the process of how the Calvin Cycle works. I liked how you divided in to three phases and summarized, great job!
2infinity&beyond explained well how it all works and proved the questions all right. it was nice to know that feredoxin is consists of a protein. Good explanation in a ETC part. i enjoyed it!
Photosyntheis is process that uses sunlight energy to convert Carbon Dioxide and water into Oxygen, high energy carbohydrate, sugar, and starch. Its chemical equation is 6CO2+6H20--(photon, sunlight energy)-->C6H12O6+6O2. The process is Light Dependence Reaction. It take place in thylakoid membrane placed in chloroplast. Final products of p680 and p700 are ATP and NADPH. On Electron Transport Chain, which contains proteins like plastoquinone, cytochrome complex, and plastocyanine, energy from high energy electrons is used to pump proton into thylakoid membrane. These protons then flow back to stroma through ATP synthasis and it is when ATP is made. ATP is used for the essential source of energy for cells.
In animal cell, mitochondria plays the same role of chloroplast in plant cell. In Electron Transport Chain, ATP is also made. Krebs cycle makes NADH and FADH2 for Electron Transport Chain. Electron Transport Chain is group of protiens embedded in membrane(integral) of inner mitochondria, cristae. It also use NADH and FADH2 molecules to create a concentration gradiant in inter membrane space of mitochondria. In Electron Transport Chain, 2 electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 by flavin mononucleotide and FAD. As this happens, remaining proton is pumped into inter membrane space. Charges are developed on either sides of inter membrane(positive) and matrix(negative). Concentration gradiant is created and energy is supplied by electron transport chain. Oxygen is final electron acceptor of electron transport chain. So 4 protons react with oxygen molecule to produce 2 water molecules. Protons are in area of high concentration, so they flow down concentration gradiant through ATP synthase. As they flow though, ATP is made from ADP.
I am pretty sick today so I hope that I can still answer this question with the insight that it requires.
All organisms create energy. The difference is the way they create this energy.
Plants use photosynthesis as well as cellular respiration, while animals use only cellular respiration. Both of these processes create ATP through the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain is part of light dependent reactions. It occurs within photosystem I and II. It uses three main proteins called plastoquinone, cytochrome complex, and plastocynine. ATP is created by ATP synthase.
After ATP is created, it is used for everything that organisms do. Whether it is eating or walking around, organisms need the energy from ATP.
crossroads234,
Your answer makes me want to take a nap...or a biology test.......
Great job! You really put a lot of work into it.
pow4life,
Very interesting post. I was intrigued by your mathematical prowess. I think it is interesting that the equations for photosynthesis and carbon dioxide are the exact opposite.
ATP synthase is used in both animal and plant cells to make ATP.
In cellular respiration, the first step is glycolysis. The products from this(pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH) then goes into one of two pathways. These include anerobic or aerobic pathways. The Kreb's Cycle occurs inside the mitochondria. The 3 NADH and 1 FADH little 2 are then used to make ATP in the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain is a group of integral proteins that are imbeded on the cristae(important because it increases surface area of this organelle) of the mitochondria. They use NADH and FADH little 2 molecules to create a concentration gradient in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Then there are many steps. Then the protons are in an area of high concentration, so they flow down their concentration gradient through an enzyme called ATP synthase. As they flow through ATP is made from ADP. From one glucose molecule, 36 ATP molecules are produced along with carbon dioxide molecules as waste product.
Photosynthesis is the process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbohydrates, sugars, and starches. To provide ATP and NADPH to the light independent reactions, light dependent reactions all take place within the thylakoid membrane. Then there are many steps. Then the energy from the high energy electrons that were transported down the electron transport chain are used to pump protons into the inner thylakoid space. These protons will then flow back into the stroma through ATP synthase making ATP. The electron transport chain uses three proteins called plastoquinone, cytochrome complex, and plastocyanine.
The light independent reactions is also called the Calvin Cycle. it is used to create a precursor to one glucose molecule. There are three phases. The first phase is called "carbon fixation", the second is called "reduction", and the third is called "regeneration of carbon dioxide receptor."
ATP is used in both plant and animal cells. Both use ATP for energy to make food and other life functions. It is very important for plants and animals!
Is light independent reaction important to mention in this blog because it does not involve ATP synthase?
Also what is really the right answer to this blog because everyone seems to have different answers?
In response to "crossroads234,"
You have inspired me to do well in Biology. Being sick did not hold you back. Fantastic work my dear friend. But what is the end product of photosynthesis?
This is in response to "CaliGirlxo,"
You told me that ATP Synthase is in plant and animal cells. You said,"In animal cells, it is in the mitochondrian, but in the plant cell, it is made in both the mitochondrian and chloroplasts." Why is both needed in plant cells
Ok.
The process is called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is an enzyme that allows protons to move through the mitochondrial membrane and trigger phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.In plant cells, it works in the mitochondrion and chloroplast, and in animal cells, it works in the mitochondrion. The organelles involved are mitochondrion and chloroplast. In the mitochondrion it is called the inner membrane and in the chloroplast it is called the thylakoid membrane. ATP is the final product, which stores energy for short spurts of time because glucose can store 90x the amount of energy than of a ATP.
Caligirlxo,
good blog! you sound like you know what you are talking about! keep up the good work!
Paigey Waigey,
wow, you really sound like you know what your doing! you should write a book about this topic! just kidding...keep up the good work!
The name of the simialar proccess is the Cellular Respiration. It is used in both plant and animal cells. In the animal cell, ATP is made through Glycolysis, The Electron Transport Chain, and the Krebs Cycle.
Glycolysis breaks down a glucose molecule in half, and takes the two producing molecules of pyruvic acid. This all is done outside of the mitochondrion. The product of Glycolysis is 4 ATP molecules.
The Electron Transport Chain makes ATP through a special enzyeme called the ATP Synthase. When H+ ions flow through it ATP is made. This occurs in the memebrane of the mitochondrian.
The Krebs Cycle creates ATP by breaking down pyruvic acid. By breaking down pyruvic acid, ATP, Carbon Dioxide, and NADH and FADH2 is made. This takes place inside of the mitochondrian.
In plants, ATP is made by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants. Inside of the chloroplasts there are stacks of thylakoids that are called grana.
In the thylakoid two reactions take place, Light Independent and Ligh Dependent reactions.
In the Light Dependent reaction there is a election transport chain connecting Photosystem 1 and 2. Through that election transport chain ATP is created. In the Light Independent reaction, three Carbon molecules from the Light Dependent reaction enter the Calvin Cycle. Through the Calvin Cycle ATP, NADPH, glucose, and ADP is made.
ATP is used for energy throughout the Plant/Animal cell. Some is stored through glucose, sugars, or starches.
ATP is made in both Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration through a series of cycles:
In CELLULAR RESPIRATION, ATP is made through glycolosis, electron transport chain, and the krebs cycle...
GLYCOLOSIS:the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: An electron transport chain associates electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce ATP, which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. It is found in the mitochondria's inner membrane. As shown in diagrams (check out my profile picture for a visual), there is a whole process involved in this complex chain.
KREBS CYCLE (CITRIC ACID CYCLE):a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that use oxygen as part of cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
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In PHOTOSYNTHESIS, it is made through light dependant reactions and light independant reactions...
LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTIONS:converts solar energy into chemical energy. It produces oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. The chlorophyll's electron can follow either of two different pathways, cyclic or non-cyclic.
LIGHT INDEPENDANT REACTIONS: the calvin cycle. The outcome of this is 1 glucose molecule.
Without ATP, there wouldn't be the energy given to us today through our body systems. It is used as a short term energy storage because it isn't as stable as other carriers.
D-Ray,
Excellent Work!!How Does Glycolosis break down one glucose molecule?
crossroads234,
That's great that you have that much information when you missed this unit...
Why doesn't fermentation only take place when oxygen is not present?
I am not going to lie I don't know even close to all of what goes on with cellular respiration because I struggled with that section. also I don't completely understand all of photosynthesis because I was sick for most of it, but I think I get the basic gist of it all.
In cellular respiration ATP is created through glycolosis, the kreb cycle, and lastly the electron transport chain. In a plant photosynthesis occurs through light independent reactions and light dependant reactions. From light dependant reactions we get ATP and NADPH then comes o2, then waste product. From light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) we get 1 glucose molecule. The ATP is produced and is the basic unit of energy for short amounts of energy.
iluvlandon, you seem to have a good handle on things and it seems you know whats going on. could you help me with cellular respiration
crossroads234, it seems you know what you're talking about also, with cellular respiration is there any other way to get ATP other than the three steps you talked about?
ATP is created in many ways. However, there is a similar way to create ATP in both plants and animals' cells. It is called Elctron transport chain. What is the mechanism of its creation? It associates electron carriers, and these electrons go through the bunch of proteins. While this occurs, hydrogen proton is produced from water(ripped off form the water molecule). This proton creates high concentration gradient. So, this proton go though the ATP synthase, and convert ADP to ATP, by following concentration gradient. They are important because they make us work. Energy is an ability to do work, and ATP is a form of energy that our body have. so it makes our body work.
the name of the process in both plants and animal cells is ATP synthase. this is an enzyme which allows H+ protons to move through the membrane, and as they are moving through, they cause ATP synthase to rotate. this binds ADP to 3 phosphate groups, which converts it to ATP. this takes place in the mitochondrion and chloroplast, more specifically the thylakoid membrane, in plant cells, and in animal cells, it works in the mitochondrion. In the mitochondrion it is called the inner membrane and in the chloroplast it is called the thylakoid membrane. the final product is ATP, which is used to power all functions of life.
In response to Pow4life,
The end products of Photosynthesis are oxygen and sugar. The oxygen comes from the light dependent reactions as a waste product when P680 takes the H+ molecule from water.
Sugar in photosynthesis comes from the evnts that take place in the Calvin Cycle of the light independent reactions. In two full turns of the cycle one molecule of sugar is made.
Mrs. Utley,
The ATP Synthase is the mechanism youre looking for. It allows Hydrogen+ molecules to go through it and then it binds the ADP molecules with phosphate groups which makes it ATP. Then the ATP is used as energy, but is not long term, thats glucose.
Iluvlandon,
great explanation i liked how you addressed each part of photosyntheis and cellular respiration
ilovelandon,
when you say that ATP is not as stable as other carriers, what other carriers are u referring to that it is not as stable as? in other words, what energy carriers are better fit to carry energy than ATP is?
Animal cells use cellular respiration to get energy. They specifically use the aerobic pathway of glycolysis to generate the most energy. In the aerobic pathway he Krebs cycle comes in. The purpose of the Krebs cycle is to produce electron carriers. These electron carriers are then sent to the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain uses the ATP synthase to turn ADP into ATP. The final product is 36 ATP. All of this is done in the mitchondrian of the cell.
Plant cells use photosynthesis and cellular respiration to make energy. Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun. The plant cells also use the electron transport chain to make ATP using the ATP synthase.The main proteins are plastoquinone, cytochrome complex, and plastcyanin.
Glucose is gradually broken apart during cellular respiration, and the energized electrons from glucose are carried by the carrier molecules NAD and FAD to the electron transport chain.
In the electron transport chain the electrons give up their energy gradually as they are passed along. This energy is used to pump H+ out of the inner mitochondrial space. When the H+ build up enough, they rush back into the inner mitochondrial space through special "ATP-maker enzymes" that makes the ATP.
Afterwards, ATP gives the fundamental options for plant and animal cells to be used in making energies.
crossroads234,
WOW! nice work crossroads234 can't blelieve you could do that well with being absent. you must have worked hard.
Wow... Crossroads234...
Your work is absolutely stunning..
If you were absent and were to do
this blog assignment that might have been really hard to gather all the information! I read yours to refresh and actually get the understanding of it thanks!
ILuvLandon !
I just love your comment that it is so organized and easily summarized thanks for the information~
im still a little confussed about plant cells since i missed those note days, but when reading the comments i got a better understanding. =)
The first step is glycolysis then makes pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH it is then sent in either the anerobic or aerobic pathways. The three NADH are used to make ATP in the electron transport chain. They use those NADH molecules to make a concentration gradient, which is in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. Then the protons flow down their concentration gradient to ATP synthase. Then ADP is made. So in the end of one cycle only one glucose molecule is produced and thirty six ATP molecules are produced.
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants are getting their energy source. They use the sun to acquire glucose which they get water and
Carbon dioxide.
Hello Mrs. Utley, to answer the Biology blog, The Calvin Cycle uses ATP to further light independent reactions. The Calvin Cycle has nine individual ATP molecules. They are used in the first phase known as Carbon Fixation, six ATP molecules are used to create 6 three phosphate groups. The remaining three ATP molecules are used in Regeneration of the CO2 Acceptor and five glyceraldehydes are left over from phase two and are actively converted by the 3 ATP molecules. Enjoyed the blog, and I hope to have another intresting subject up and running soon.
Crossroads234 you have done a absolutly fantastic job with your work, reading your response actually gave me a better understanding of the subject Thank You Very Much :]
Pow4life did a very good job of furthur explaining what crossroads already had outlined, they helped me alot on this subject and I hope I can do better thanks to them.
Glycolysis is the process by which ATP is created. In this process a glucose molecule is broken down by ATP but when it is all over it gains more ATP than it lost. The organelles used are the chloroplasts, mitochondrion, snd ATP synthase. The inner membrane and theouter membranes are used. ATP is used as energy to give us the ability to move and do everyday activities.
Crossroads,
Thanks very much for you have really helped me better understand this and I wasn't even sick so you are very inspiring.
there are two ways through which Atp is made. The first is photosynthesis which is used in plant cells and the second is cellular respiration which is used in animal cells. but both of these are done using the electron transport chain(ETC).The ETC is used in photosystems I and II and it has three main proteins which are plastoquinone, plastocynine, and cytochrome complex. After ATP is made, it is used as energy in plants to produce oxygen and animals use it to do pretty much anything physical.
xx_notandrew_xx,
Does this process work in any other parts of the chloroplast or just the thylakoid membrane? I have not been able to find that so please help.
in response to crossroads234...
i agree with everything you said except, are'nt photosynthasis and cellular respiration the ways ATP is made? Also, drewskie told me to tell you that he thinks jimmy hendrix sucks and that he's glad he died.
in reponse to xxnot_andrewxx...
Dude, you gots mad blogging skillz!Street cred fo you! I just have one question though, what were the three phosphate groups you were talking about? (i love you)
As far as known, all organisms from the simplest bacteria to humans use ATP as their primary energy currency. ATP is manufactured as a result of several cell processes including fermentation, respiration and photosynthesis.
The enormous amount of activity that occurs inside each of the approximately one hundred trillion human cells is shown by the fact that at any instant each cell contains about one billion ATP molecules. This amount is sufficient for that cell’s needs for only a few minutes and must be rapidly recycled.
In plants, sunlight energy can be used to convert the less active compound back to the highly energetic form. For animals, you use the energy from your high energy storage molecules to do what you need to do to keep yourself alive, and then you "recharge" them to put them back in the high energy state. The oxidation of glucose operates in a cycle called the Krebs cycle in animal cells to provide energy for the conversion of ADP to ATP.
Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy mixed with simple sugars. Raw materials required for photosynthesis is light energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Cellular respiration is kinda like the opposite. It is the release of energy stored in food. This happens in the mitochondria of the cell. Energy of carbs, such as clucose, convert into ATP. ATP is the carrier of chemical energy. cells use ATP to perform tasks. Anaerobic respiration is without oxygen and aerobic respiration needs oxygen. Aerobic produces 38 ATP where as anaerobic produces only 2 ATP.
All living cells require continuous supply of energy inorder to live.
ATP is made by the process known as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. They convert light and chemical energy which can be used in the molecular level. In both cases whether your talking about photosynthesis or cellular respiration the electron transport chain is the main process by which ATP is created. The process takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in animal cells and the inner thylakoid membrane. The reason the membrane is important is because opposite charges take place on both sides of the membrane which provides energy for making ATP. ATP is used power cellular processes,growth, reproduction, and continues the cell cycle.
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